Early form of the life and their development on the planet.

Era and events taking place: -Precambrian This is the first era in the history of the Earth. Started about 4.6 billion years ago and ended 542 million years ago. It is divided into two smaller age: older - Archaean, which lasted more than 2 billion years old and younger - Proterozoic covering the remainder of the Precambrian. At the end of the Archean (approximately 3.8 billion years ago) life appeared on Earth. In Proterozoic life on Earth developed quickly, but limited only to the aquatic environment. Organisms were constructed mainly of soft tissue, after which survived only a few fossils. Marine organisms produce oxygen, so that at the end of the Proterozoic its amount in the atmosphere began to increase rapidly, which became the basis for starting life on the land in the Palaeozoic era.

-Paleozoic Paleozoic Era (old age) lasted from 542 million to 251 million years ago. We divide it into six periods: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. In the Paleozoic there is a rapid development of life. Already in the Cambrian there are plenty of marine organisms with hard shells - we call this period “the Cambrian explosion evolutionary”. There were then among other things characteristic of the Paleozoic trilobites, trilobite Cambrian archaeocyathans, snails and brachiopods. The Ordovician appeared likely the first of a group of land plants ferns, sea and the first vertebrates. The Silurian further develops land vegetation - psylofity and club mosses, and seas appear first fish. The Devonian fish evolved fish, and these, in turn, the first terrestrial vertebrates-amphibians.

On land already lived the first invertebrates - arthropods and the first seed plants - seed ferns. In the next period Carboniferous appear first reptiles and flying insects such as giant dragonflies (wingspan of 0.5 m). Paleozoic Era ends extinction of about half of the pre-existing species of living organisms - such as trilobites, corals, kordaity, tree-horsetails and club mosses and ferns. The cause of extinction is not yet fully explained - probably there have been significant changes in climate resulting from very large volcanic activity.

-Mesozoic Mesozoic Era began 251 million years ago and ended 65 million years ago. There are in it three periods: Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous. In an era that began lasting until today, the division formed in the late Paleozoic supercontinent Pangea. Life is dominated by reptiles, including dinosaurs, one of the Dinosaurs - Triceratops, in the aquatic environment characterized by ammonites - cephalopods reaching a size of 1 cm to 3 m in diameter. At the end of the Triassic appered the first mammals and birds. Mesozoic era ends with the collision of Earth with a large meteorite (it occurred in the area of peninsula. Yucatan in Mexico), resulting in the extinction of many species of organisms, eg:dinosaurs, belemnites, ammonites and others.

-Cenozoic Cenozoic (new life) began 65 million years ago and continues today. There are in it three periods: the Paleogene and Neogen. The world is increasingly more like a contemporary: it started the domination of mammals and birds, and the evolution of plant led to the fact that 90% of organisms looked like contemporary forms. There were also the first primates and monkeys. About 2 million years ago began the gradual cooling of the climate. Climate change has led to the emergence of ice cover in northern Eurasia, North America, and on the southern end of South America. and Tasmania. Cool climate is related to the development of animal species those who like cold eg mammoths, cave bears and woolly rhinos. These animals became extinct with the end of the Ice Age (Pleistocene). During the ice age there was a further evolution of primates, which led in the last 100 thousand years to the emergence of Homo sapiens - contemporary man.

Evolution of human

Australopithecus afarensis The oldest hominid is Australopithecus afarensis. Construction of the feet, knees and pelvis is almost the same as in modern humans. This demonstrates the bipedal, upright posture. In contrast, the size of the brain was more like a monkey than a man.

Homo habilis The second line starts the species Homo habilis. It appeared in the range of 2.5 - 2 million years ago. Originally performed with Australopithekus robustus. Different from the delicate skull, greater development of the brain and the ability to form primitive stone tools.

Homo erectus Approx. 1.5 years ago, a new species of Homo erectus. His remains are found in Africa, Asia and Europe. In relation to Australopithecus, pithecanthrope have a greater capacity of the skull and larger body size. Homo erectus used the tools and fire.

Homo sapiens Homo sapiens (wise man). The first representatives were among the varieties of Neanderthal and appeared about 200 thousand years ago. Neanderthals differed from modern man more stocky physique and a lower, elongated head. He had a characteristic massive shafts under forehead and receding chin.

Contemporary human variation occurs about 65-60 thousand years ago in Africa. About 40 thousand Neanderthals died out and remained only a contemporary form of man.

Natural selection (natural selection) - one of the mechanisms of biological evolution, leading to targeted changes in the population to increase their average adaptation, ie adaptation to environmental conditions outside the period of extinction. The measure of success in natural selection is adaptation (called fitness) and can be seen at the level of individuals or individual genes. Organisms having advantageous characteristics have a greater chance of survival and propagation, which leads to increased incidence of favorable genes in the population. Natural selection was proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred R. Wallace as the main mechanism leading to directional changes in the process of evolution.

The theory of evolution Darwin’s theory of natural selection - the theory explaining the mechanisms of biological evolution, presented by Charles Darwin in his work “On the Origin of Species” in 1858. The full title of the work was: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life). However, in the sixth edition from 1872, the title was shortened to The Origin of Species.

Darwin based his theory on the following observations and assumptions: - Species are very fertile, and the number of offspring exceeds the number of individuals that reach reproductive age - Population size, with minor changes, remains constant - Food sources are limited, but over time are relatively stable, associated with the “blind struggle for existence” - Within a sexually reproducing species, virtually no two individuals - Some of the variation directly affect the ability of the individual to survive in the environment - Most of the variation is heritable - Individuals less adapted to the environment have less ability to survive and less likely proliferation of - Better adapted individuals are more likely to survive and thus Reproduction - Individuals who survive are more likely to transfer their heritable traits to offspring

The process described by Darwin - indeed suggest a mechanism for selecting the best features in the environment. But nothing more. All this applies only to changes in the micro scale, in the context of a particular type of body composition (shark, cat, elephant, bee, pine, oak). This process does not explain in any way how life began. It does not explain where it comes from structures of DNA contained in the biological information. The mechanism described by Charles Darwin which applies only to something that already is or once was (living or extinct organisms) - and the selection changes within this type of construction.

The proof that such bodies exist - are irreducibly complex biological mechanisms, ie those that can not work when you run out of at least one element. Where are all the ingredients must be immediately and fully ready - to this mechanism to function. Such mechanisms could not be formed by a small, long-term transformation, according to the theory of evolution. A mechanism such organisms have plenty.

Pangaea

Pangaea - the supercontinent existed on Earth in the period between 300 and 180 million years ago. The word “Pangea” comes from Greek and roughly translated means “universe”. Pangea was not the first supercontinent in Earth’s history, but undoubtedly the most famous. Origin and decay Paengea , supercontinent (one big continent focused in itself all or nearly all parts of the continental crust located on Earth). It was formed in the Carboniferous and Permian, and its decay began in the Triassic. To the formation of Pangea occurred as a result of the Variscan orogeny and tectonic movements in the region today Urals. These events were associated with collisions following continents: Laurusi, which was rising in the present North America and Europe, Gondwana, which included: South America, Africa, Australia, India and Antarctica, Siberia and Kazachstanii. Collision Laurusji and Gondwana occurred in the Carboniferous. In contrast, connecting Siberia and Kazakhstan along today Urals took place in the late Permian. The disintegration of Pangea was caused by the opening of two new oceans : the Atlantic and the Indian . The first extensional event took place already in the Permian and Triassic , and the final separation of all independent today continents took place millions of years later, in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic . At the latest, there has been a breakdown of Australia and Antarctica. In turn, one of the earliest events associated with the disintegration of Pangea was the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean , between South America and Africa.Pangea supercontinent is the most readable of the geological past (there were a total of a few ) . Arguments pointing to the existence of such a giant were known in the early twentieth century ( Wegener’s theory) . Most important reasons include: spatial extents of Mesozoic terrestrial reptiles , animals are able to move freely between South America , Africa , Australia and Antarctica , and therefore these continents could not be separated by seas or oceans ,similarity of the Palaeozoic rock formations on all continents in the southern hemisphere , at the time of the formation of these deposits continents they had to be adjacent ,the outlines of the continents around the Atlantic and Indian Oceans (specifically the boundaries of their shelves ) can fit into each other like a puzzle , therefore, these continents have to be a once coherent whole. Theory Paengea If it was true, Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua - do not exist, because the presentation of Pangea lack of space for these countries. The people who invented this theory shortened Africa almost 35 to 40% to the continents fit together. Europe and South America have been rotated counter clockwise, and Africa turned in the direction of clockwise to fit together. If you remove the water from the oceans, you’ll see the ground. Oceans are bottom, so continents are still connected together.